A short introduction to copyright

Copyright is an area of law that gives creators a bundle of rights to control how others use their creations. While these rights vary depending of the type of material in question, broadly a copyright owner can prevent uses that would infringe copyright in their material and they can authorise use of the material by another party. When giving other parties permission to reuse material they have the right to receive remuneration for the use of the material.

It is one of the categories of ‘intellectual property law’, along with patents, trade marks and designs law. While patents protect inventions and trade marks protect brand names, copyright protects creative works like books, films, music and art.

Broadly, copyright protects:

• ‘Works’, including  literary works (books, magazine articles, etc), dramatic works (theatre and dance), music and artistic works (paintings, drawings, photographs, etc).
• ‘Subject matter other than works’ which includes sound recordings, films, broadcasts and published editions of works. 

While many of these categories seem obvious, some of the things that they include might surprise you. Copyright can cover items you may not ordinarily think of, like databases, computer software and costumes. If you are unsure if something is protected by copyright, it’s usually best to assume it is.

Our information on material protected by copyright provides a more comprehensive look at copyright protected content.

Importantly, copyright protection in Australia is free and automatic from the moment it is in a material form (such as the words of a poem being written down or a song is recorded). You do not apply for copyright protection. Likewise, there is no system of registration. And there are no fees to be paid. Being free and automatic, and not requiring an application, registration or the payment of a fee sets copyright apart from most of the other intellectual property protections.

To get copyright protection in Australia you do not need to publish your material. You do not need to send yourself a copy of the material by registered post. And you do not need to put a copyright notice on it. So there is no need to include the ‘c in a circle’ symbol with your name and date. But it can be useful in evidencing you are the copyright owner and allowing potential users to identify and contact you. We have a page on the copyright notice: The copyright notice with more information.

In addition to content being one of the types protected by copyright, content must also meet some minimum requirements. In order to be protected, all literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works must be:

• An expression, not an idea – Protection is not given to ideas, facts or information: Material outside of the scope of copyright in Material not protected by copyright as is, rather what is protected is the form in which the idea, facts or information is expressed. Justice Farwell in Donoghue v Allied Newspapers [1938] Ch 106 declared that, ‘If the idea, however original, is nothing more than an idea, and is not put into any form of words, or any form of expression such as a picture, then there is no such thing as copyright at all’. The court in the same matter stated that what is protected in news articles is ‘the particular form of language by which the information which is to be conveyed is conveyed.’
  
  
• In a material form – The material must be reduced to a material form. Section 10 of the Copyright Act states that material form ‘includes any form (whether visible or not) of storage of the work or adaptation, or a substantial part of the work or adaptation, (whether or not the work or adaptation, or a substantial part of the work or adaptation, can be reproduced).’ Writing something down, making a video or audio recording of it or notating a musical score are examples of reducing something to material form.
  
  
• Original – The material must be original. The Copyright Act does not define ‘original’ but case law has established the originality threshold, which is very low; the material must not be a mere copy.
  
  
• Made by a human author – The material must have a human author who has exercised skill and labour in the creation of it. That’s why Naruto was found not to have copyright in her monkey selfies!

The main group of rights in copyright are called economic rights. 

Owners of literary, dramatic and musical works have the right to reproduce the work, publish it, communicate it online, adapt it and perform it in public. Owners of artistic works have the right to reproduce, publish and communicate. The owners of sound recordings and films can make a copy of the recording or film, play the recording or film in public and communicate the recording or film online.

Creators also have moral rights over their works, which protect their right to accurate attribution and to not have the work treated badly. And performers have rights over their performances, such as to stop bootlegging. Our information on the rights in copyright: Rights in copyright provides a more comprehensive overview of the economic and other rights in copyright.

Copyright protection is important, but so is the public domain. That’s why copyright protection has a time limit.
Photo: Helder Mira. CC BY 2.0. Full attribution information below.

The rights provided by copyright only last for a certain amount of time, and the duration of copyright depends on the type of material. For example:

• Works are generally protected for the life of the creator plus 70 years, or if you don’t know who the author is, 70 years from when they were made public or created.
  
  
• Sound recordings and films are protected for 70 years from when they were made public, or if they haven’t been made public, from when they were created.

However, the full rules of copyright duration are complex, with the rules changing depending on when material was created, the type of material it is, who the creator was and how much we know about them. Our more detailed information on the duration of copyright: Duration of copyright looks at these situations. We also recommend the Department of Communications and the Arts’ information on their website about the ‘Duration of copyright’, in particular their tables that help to clarify the applicable duration rules.

Generally speaking, for a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work the author is the owner of copyright: Authors of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works in Ownership of copyright in the work. The maker of other subject-matter is the copyright owner: Makers of other subject-matter in Ownership of copyright (except for published editions, for which the publisher is the copyright owner).

There are exceptions to these general rules however. Ownership of copyright can be more complicated depending on the parties involved. We have a page that provides a more comprehensive look at who is the owner of copyright.

Exceptions are an important part of the copyright system.
Photo: Elliott Brown. CC BY 2.0. Full attribution information below.

If you don’t have permission to use copyright protected material there may be an exception that allows use without infringement. The Copyright Act includes a number of exceptions to copyright.

The most well-known group of copyright exceptions are referred to as fair dealing. A dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, with an adaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work or with audio-visual items is not an infringement of copyright where the dealing is fair and is for the purpose of:

• Research or study.
• Criticism or review.
• Parody or satire.
• Reporting of news.
• Judicial proceedings or professional advice.
• Access by persons with a disability.

There are also a number of exceptions for libraries and archives, including:

• Preservation of the collection.
• Reproducing and communicating works for users – i.e. document supply.
• Reproducing and communicating works for other libraries or archives – i.e. interlibrary loan.
• Onsite Research.
• Administration of the collection.
• Publication of unpublished works.

There are nearly 90 other exceptions, including for:

• Private copying – both format-shifting and time-shifting. Format-shifting allows you to copy certain types of material that you own for private and domestic use into a different ‘format’ – e.g. copying a CD to MP3 format. The time-shifting exception allows you to record a television or radio broadcast to watch or listen to it later.
• Filming, photographing, drawing or painting sculptures in public places and buildings.
• Public recitation of a “reasonable” part of a literary work.
• Incidental filming of an artwork.
• Temporary reproduction as part of technical processes.

We have a page that provides a more comprehensive look at exceptions to copyright.